By Riccardo How a low-fee parent and a fee-paying child can travel through the network together TL;DRPackage relay lets Bitcoin nodes evaluate a low-fee parent and a fee-paying child together. P2A gives the child a compact, keyless output to spend, while ephemeral dust permits that anchor to carry zero value when it is created and…
How do you prove control of a UTXO without revealing the secret that protects it? By mordom It is one of the most fascinating questions of the entire Bitcoin protocol. Every time you send a transaction, thousands of nodes must verify that you truly have the right to spend those UTXOs. Yet, no one knows your…
How your wallet builds your financial history every time you spend bitcoin By mordom Introduction You want to send 0.01 BTC.You open your wallet, enter the recipient’s address, check the fee, and press Send.At that point, you might think the wallet simply deducted 0.01 BTC from your balance.In reality, that’s not what happened. Before the transaction…
By mordom A Bitcoin address is not a public key. For most users, an address looks like a random string. Something you copy, paste, and use to receive funds. But behind those characters lies a very precise chain of cryptographic transformations. Nothing is arbitrary. Each step exists for a specific reason: security, compactness, resilience, and long-term…
By mordom Imagine a normal situation. You have a hardware wallet. You want to monitor activity without plugging it in every time. Or you need to share addresses with your accountant. Or you’re using a watch-only app.So you export a zpub (an extended public key) and share it. The assumption is simple: “I’m only sharing public…
By mordom Your wallet does NOT generate infinite addresses You send a transaction. The wallet says “sent.”Then you wait.After an hour it’s still unconfirmed. After a few hours you start to worry.The exchange doesn’t credit, the payment doesn’t arrive, the recipient messages you.At that point, it feels like there’s nothing you can do. In reality, you…
How RBF and CPFP actually work By mordom You send a transaction. The wallet says “sent.”Then you wait.After an hour it’s still unconfirmed. After a few hours you start to worry.The exchange doesn’t credit, the payment doesn’t arrive, the recipient messages you.At that point, it feels like there’s nothing you can do. In reality, you…
By mordom Open your wallet and you see a number.0.42 BTC.1.8 BTC.0.003 BTC. It looks like a bank account. A single balance that belongs to you.But that number does not exist on the blockchain. Bitcoin does not track accounts or balances per address. There is no global registry that says “this address owns X”. What…
By mordom Anyone who owns Bitcoin is familiar with the 12 or 24 words.We call them a “seed phrase”.But they are not the seed. And this is where one of the most common misunderstandings begins: many people confuse the mnemonic (BIP39) with the actual cryptographic seed. The words are a human-readable representation of the original…
By mordom In the process of creating a Bitcoin wallet, everything depends on a single initial value: entropy. If that entropy is unpredictable, the wallet is secure. If it’s not, no hardware wallet, multisig, or backup can fix it.In Bitcoin, a private key is an integer k such that: 1 ≤ k < n (see…